MDCAT SYLLABUS 2020:

 UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES (UHS):

MDCAT Syllabus:

Medical and Dental Colleges Admission Test mdcat syllabus 2020.

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Structure of the Question Paper for Medical and Dental Colleges Admission Test mdcat syllabus2020.

S.no  Subjects   Questions

1- Biology:           80
2- Chemistry:      60
3- Physics:          40
4- English:          20
Total of:              200

 Note:

The time duration to attempt the paper shall be 150 minutes (2hrs 30 minutes).
 Each question shall carry one mark with no negative marking.

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BIOLOGY:

Table of Contents:

1 The Cell
2 Biological Molecules
3 Chromosomes and DNA
4 Cell Division
5 Variety of Life
6 Bioenergetics
7 Gas Exchange
8 Transport in Plants
9 Transport in Human
10 Immunity
11 Homeostasis
12 Muscles and Movement
13 Communication
14 Reproduction
15 Genetics
16 Biotechnology
17 Evolution

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1 The Cell:

COURSE CONTENT:

 Light and Electron Microscope (Magnification and Resolution).

 Structure of Typical Animal and Plant Cell.

 Fluid Mosaic Model of Cell Membrane.

 Transport of Material across the Cell Membrane: Active transport, Passive transport,
Endocytosis and Exocytosis.

 Eukaryotic Cell Structures: Endoplasmic reticulum (RER & SER), Ribosomes, Golgi
apparatus, Lysosomes, Vacuoles, Centrioles & Microtubules, Mitochondria, Chloroplast
and Nucleus (nuclear membrane, nucleolus, and chromosomes).

 Prokaryotic Cell & Eukaryotic cell.

2 Biological Molecules.

COURSE CONTENT:

 Carbohydrates: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides (Starch, Glycogen
& Cellulose).

 Lipids: Triglycerides, Phospholipids, and their functions.

 Proteins: Amino Acids & Peptide bond formation, Structures of Proteins (primary,
secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures) and Globular & Fibrous Proteins

 Nucleic acids: DNA, RNA, and Types of RNA.

 Water: Heat of vaporization, Specific Heat Capacity and Solvent Action.

 Enzyme: Definition, Characteristics of, Mechanism of Enzyme Action Enzymes (Lock &
key model and Induced fit model), Factors affecting the rate of Enzyme Action,
Inhibitors.

3 Chromosomes and DNA:

COURSE CONTENT:

 Chromosome: Nucleosome, DNA, Histone Proteins, Chromatids, Centromere and
Telomeres

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 Gene as a Basic Unit of Genetic Information.

 DNA Replication: Hypothesis of DNA Replication, Meselson & Stahl’s experiment and
Replication.

 Transcription.

 Genetic Code.

 Translation.

4 Cell Division

COURSE CONTENT

 Cell Cycle: Interphase (G1, S and G2 phases), Mitotic phase and Cytokinesis

 Mitosis: Process of Mitosis, Significance of Mitosis

 Meiosis: Process of Meiosis and Significance of Meiosis

5 Variety of Life:

COURSE CONTENT:

 Kingdoms: Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia

 Viruses: Structure of Viruses

 AIDS: Causative Agent, Modes of Transmission and Prevention & Control

6 Bioenergetics

COURSE CONTENT:

 Photosynthetic Pigments (Chlorophylls and Carotenoids)
 Absorption and Action Spectra
 Light-Dependent Reactions (cyclic and non-cyclic phosphorylation) and
Light-Independent Reactions (Calvin cycle).
 Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis, Link reaction / Pyruvic Oxidation, Kreb’s Cycle (with
reference to production of NADH, FADH and ATP) and ETC
 Anaerobic Respiration and its Types (Alcoholic and Lactic Acid Fermentation).

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7 Gas Exchange

COURSE CONTENT

 Anatomy of the Human Respiratory System.
 Transport of Respiratory Gases: O2 & CO2 and Role of Haemoglobin as Respiratory
Pigment.
 Respiratory Disorders: Tuberculosis, Emphysema, and Lung Cancer.

8 Transport in Plants

COURSE CONTENT

 Transport of Water and Minerals: Apoplast & Symplast Pathway and Cohesion,
Transpiration Pull / Tension & Adhesion
 Transpiration, Factors affecting it and opening and closing of Stomata.
 Translocation according to Pressure Flow Theory
 Xerophytes

9 Transport in Human

COURSE CONTENT

 Heart: Structure of heart, Cardiac Cycle, Control of Heart Beat, ECG and Blood Pressure
 Blood Vessels: Arteries, Veins and Capillaries
 Blood: Plasma and Blood Cells (RBCs, WBCs and platelets).
 Lymphatic System

10 Immunity
COURSE CONTENT

 Immune System and its Components
 Types of Immunity
 Vaccination

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11 Homeostasis
COURSE CONTENT:

 Homeostasis
 Thermoregulation in Mammals
 Human Urinary System.

12 Muscles and Movement
COURSE CONTENT:

 Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle
 Mechanism of Skeletal Muscle Contraction; Sarcomere, Ultrastructure of
Myofilaments, Sliding Filament, Control of Actin-Myosin Interaction and Use of Energy
for Muscle Contraction.

13 Communication
COURSE CONTENT:

 Nervous Coordination in Mammals
 Neurons: Sensory, Intermediate/relay, and motor neurons
 Reflex arc / Reflex action
 Nerve impulse
 Synapse
 Hormones: Definition & Types of Hormones, Hormones of Islets of Langerhans (Insulin
& Glucagon) and Role of ADH in Osmoregulation.
 Plants Hormones: Auxins, Gibberellins and Abscisic Acid.

14 Reproduction
COURSE CONTENT:

 Gametogenesis: Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
 Hormonal control of Human Menstrual Cycle (FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone)

Page 7 of 29.

15 Genetics
COURSE CONTENT

 Basics of Genetics: Gene, Locus, Allele, Gene Pool, Phenotype, Genotype, Homozygous,
Heterozygous, Dominant Allele, Recessive Allele, Complete Dominance, Codominance,
Linkage, F1 & F2 Generations, Mutation and Multiple Allele.
 Gene Linkage: Crossing over and Recombination Frequency / Cross Over Value
 Continuous and Discontinuous Variations
 Punnet square, Test cross and Monohybrid & Dihybrid Crosses
 Gene Linkage and Sex Linkage in Human (Haemophilia and Colour Blindness).

16 Biotechnology
COURSE CONTENT

 Recombinant DNA Technology / Genetic Engineering: Principles of Recombinant DNA
Technology and its Application, PCR & Gel Electrophoresis and DNA Analysis / Finger
Printing
 Gene Therapy
 Transgenic Organisms (Bacteria, Plants, and Animals)

17 Evolution
COURSE CONTENT:

 Theory of natural selection
 Hardy-Weinberg theorem and factors affecting gene / allele frequency.

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CHEMISTRY:

TABLE OF CONTENTS:

A. Physical Chemistry

1. Fundamental Concepts
2. States of Matter
3. Atomic Structure
4. Chemical Bonding
5. Chemical Energetics
6. Electrochemistry
7. Chemical Equilibrium
8. Reaction Kinetics

B. Inorganic Chemistry:

1. Periods
2. Groups
3. Transition Elements
4. Compounds of Nitrogen and Sulphur
C. Organic Chemistry
1. Fundamental Principles
2. Hydrocarbons
3. Alkyl Halides (Haloalkanes)
4. Alcohols and Phenols
5. Aldehydes and Ketones
6. Carboxylic Acids
7. Amino Acids
8. Macromolecules
9. Environmental Chemistry

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PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY

1. FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS
COURSE CONTENT

 Relative masses
 Isotopes
 Mole
 Avogadro’s number
 Empirical and Molecular formulae
 Stoichiometric Calculations
 Concentration units of solutions
i. Percentage composition
ii. Molarity
iii. Mole fraction

2. STATES OF MATTER
COURSE CONTENT

 Gaseous state
 General Gas Equation (PV=n RT).
 Liquid state:
i. Evaporation
ii. Vapor pressure
iii. Boiling
iv. Structure of ice
 The lattice structure of a crystalline solid

3. ATOMIC STRUCTURE
COURSE CONTENT

 Proton, Neutron and Electron
 Distribution of Mass and charges
 Deduce the number of protons, neutrons and electrons from given proton number
and nucleon number .

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 Shape of s, p and d- Orbitals
 Electronic configuration
 Ionization energy
 Electron affinity

4. CHEMICAL BONDING
COURSE CONTENT

 Ionic (Electrovalent) bond
 Use the “dot and cross” model for:
i. Covalent bonding
ii. Co-ordinate (dative covalent) bonding
 Shapes and Bond Angles of molecules
 Covalent Bonding.
 Bond Energy, Bond length and bond Polarity (Electronegativity difference)
 Intermolecular Forces (especially Hydrogen Bonding)
 Interpret and Predict the effect of different types of bonding on physical properties
of substances.

5. CHEMICAL ENERGETICS
COURSE CONTENT

 Concept of Energy changes during Chemical reactions
 Use the terms:
i. Enthalpy change of reaction
ii. Bond energy
 Numerical Magnitude of Lattice Energy
 Hess’s law to construct simple energy cycles.

6. ELECTROCHEMISTRY
COURSE CONTENT

 Redox processes
 Oxidation numbers of Elements.
 Balancing chemical equations by redox method.

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 Standard electrode (redox) Potential
 Standard Hydrogen Electrode
 Methods used to measure the standard Electrode potentials of metals
 Standard Cell Potential
 Electrode Potential.
 Construct Redox equations
 Advantages of Developing the H2/O2 fuel cell.

7. CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
COURSE CONTENT

 Rates of forward and reverse Reactions and Dynamic Equilibrium
 Le- Chatelier’s Principle.
 Deduce expression for Equilibrium constant
 Calculate the values of Equilibrium constants
 Calculate the equilibrium quantities
 Conditions used in Haber process.
 Qualitatively the differences in behavior of strong/weak acids and bases
 Terms: pH, Ka, pKa, Kb, pKb, Kw and Ksp.
 [H+
(aq)], [OH-
(aq)], pH and pOH values for strong and weak acids and bases.

8. REACTION KINETICS/ CHEMICAL KINETICS
COURSE CONTENT

 Rate of Reaction, Activation Energy, Catalysis, Rate Equation, Order of Reaction, Rate
Constant
 Collisions
 Enzymes as Biological Catalysts
 Construct and use rate equations with special emphasis on
i. Zero order reaction
ii. 1st order reaction
iii. 2nd order reaction
 Half-life of a first order Reaction .

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 Calculate the order of reaction
 Calculate the rate constant
 Name a Suitable method for studying the rate of a Reaction

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY:

1. PERIODS
COURSE CONTENT:

 Variation in the Physical properties of Elements Belonging to period 2 and period 3:
a. Atomic Radius
b. Ionic Radius
c. Melting Point
d. Boiling Point
e. Ionization Energy
f. Electronegativity
g. Electron Affinity
h. Electrical Conductivity
i. Oxidation States
j. Hydration Energy
 Periodic Relationship in Binary compounds:
a. Halides (especially chlorides)
b. Oxides

2. GROUPS:
COURSE CONTENT

 The variation in the properties of group II and VII Elements:
a. Reactions of group II elements.
b. Thermal decomposition and solubility of compounds of group II elements
c. Properties of Halogens and their compounds
d. Reaction of Chlorine
e. Comparison of Oxidizing power of halogens.

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Uses of Halogens and compounds of Halogens

3. TRANSITION ELEMENTS:

COURSE CONTENT

 Chemistry of Transition Elements of 3d series:
a. Electronic Configuration
b. Variable Oxidation states
c. Uses as a Catalyst
d. Formation of Complexes
e. Colour of Transition Metal Complexes
f. Geometry and isomerism of complex ions with coordination number 4 and 6.

4. COMPOUNDS OF NITROGEN AND SULPHUR
COURSE CONTENT:

 Nitrogenous fertilizers.
 Presence of Sulphur Dioxide in atmosphere
 Manufacturing of Sulphuric Acid.
 Sulphuric acid as Dehydrating agent and Oxidizing agent.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES:
COURSE CONTENT

 The Organic compounds.
 Alkanes and Alkenes of lower masses.
 Nucleophiles, electrophiles and free radicals
 Isomerism.
 Functional group and Nomenclature of organic compounds.

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2. HYDROCARBON:
COURSE CONTENT

Chemistry of Alkanes with emphasis on:
 Combustion.
 The Mechanism of free radical Substitution reaction.
Chemistry of Alkenes with emphasis on:
 Preparation of Alkenes:
 Reaction of Alkenes:
Chemistry of Benzene
 Benzene.
 Electrophilic substitution reactions and the mechanism
 Hydrogenation of Benzene ring.
 Side chain Oxidation of Methyl Benzene (Toluene) and Ethyl Benzene.
 Benzene ring by 2,4 Directing and 3,5 directing groups

3. ALKYL HALIDES (HALOGENOALKANES)
COURSE CONTENT

 Importance of Halogenoalkanes.
 Reaction of Alkyl Halides:
 Nucleophilic substitution reactions and mechanisms

4. ALCOHOLS AND PHENOLS:
COURSE CONTENT

Alcohols with reference to:
 Alcohols: Primary, Secondary and Tertiary.
 Preparation of Ethanol
 Reactions of Alcohols
Phenols
 Reactions of Phenol
 Acidity of Water, ethanol and phenol

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5. ALDEHYDES AND KETONES:
COURSE CONTENT

 Structure of Aldehydes and Ketones.
 Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones.
 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones:
 Nucleophilic addition reaction mechanism.

6. CARBOXYLIC ACID:
COURSE CONTENT

 Physical properties of carboxylic acids.
 Reactions of carboxylic acids
 Relative Acidic strength.

7. AMINO ACIDS:
COURSE CONTENT

 General Structure of -Amino Acids found in Proteins.
 Amino Acids on the basis of Nature of R-group.
 Zwitter Ion
 Acid base properties of Amino Acids.
 Peptide bond formation.

8. MACROMOLECULES:
COURSE CONTENT

 Addition polymerization.
 Condensation polymerization.
 Structure of Proteins.
 Structure and function of Nucleic acid (DNA).

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9. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY:
COURSE CONTENT

 Air Pollutants.
 Chemistry and causes of Acid Rain.
 Ozone and Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs).

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PHYSICS:

Table of Contents

1. Measurement
2. Motion and Force
3. Work, Energy and Power
4. Circular Motion
5. Oscillation
6. Waves
7. Light
8. Heat & Thermodynamics
9. Electrostatics
10. Current Electricity
11. Electromagnetism
12. Electromagnetic Induction
13. Deformation of Solids
14. Electronics
15. Modern Physics
16. Nuclear Physics

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1. MEASUREMENT
COURSE CONTENT

 Physical quantities, numerical magnitude and a proper unit.
 International System of Units, SI base units of physical quantities, and their derived
units.
 Prefixes and symbols to indicate decimal, submultiples or multiples of both base and
derived units:
 Errors and uncertainties
 Systematic error and random error.
 Fractional uncertainty and percentage uncertainty.
 Assessment of total uncertainty in the final results (Understanding of total assessment
about addition and subtraction, multiplication and division & power factor).

2. MOTION AND FORCE
COURSE CONTENT

 Displacement, Distance, Speed, Velocity and Acceleration.
 Velocity–Time Graph.
 Equations of motion.
 Newton’s Laws of Motion.
 Momentum and law of conservation of momentum.
 Force and rate of change of momentum.
 Impulse and I = F  t = mvf  mvi
 Elastic and in-elastic collisions
 Projectile Motion and its applications.
 Moment of force or torque and use of torque
 Equilibrium.

3. WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
COURSE CONTENT

 Work in terms of the product of a force and displacement in the direction of the force.
 Kinetic energy K.E =
1
2
mv2
 Potential energy P.E = mgh
 Inter-conversion of kinetic energy and potential energy in gravitational field.
 Power in terms of work done per unit time and use power as product of force and
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 The Pattern of Question Paper is generally to be in conformance but, not limited to the
guidelines given.
 The above guidelines are meant for general facilitation of students. Final paper setting is
the sole prerogative of UHS Lahore, however.
velocity P =
W
t
and P = Fv

4. CIRCULAR MOTION
COURSE CONTENT

 Angular motion, angular displacement & angular velocity
 Centripetal Force and centripetal acceleration
o F = mr2, F =
2 mv
 Geostationary orbits.
 Radian

5. OSCILLATIONS
COURSE CONTENT

 Simple harmonic motion
 Amplitude, Frequency, Angular Frequency, Phase Difference. Express the time period in
terms of both frequency and angular frequency.
 Equations x=xo sinωt, v = v0cosωt,
 Motion of simple pendulum and relation.
 Kinetic energy and potential energy during Simple harmonic motion.
 Free, Forced and Damped Oscillations
 Resonance

6. WAVES
COURSE CONTENT

 Progressive waves
 Transverse and longitudinal waves.
 Principle of superposition.
 Stationary waves and wavelength of sound waves in air columns and stretched strings
 Doppler’s Effect
 Electromagnetic Spectrum.

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7. LIGHT
COURSE CONTENT

 Interference of light waves, constructive and destructive interference.
 Young’s Double Slit experiment, fringe spacing, dark and bright fringes.
 Diffraction (basic principle)
 Diffraction grating

8. HEAT & THERMODYNAMICS
COURSE CONTENT

 Basic postulates of kinetic theory of gases
 Pressure exerted by a gas and derive the relation

 Equation of state for an ideal gas as PV = nRT

and PV = NkT and prove that K.E T for a single molecule.

 Internal Energy.

 Specific Heat capacity.

9. ELECTROSTATICS
COURSE CONTENT

 Coulomb’s Law
 Electric field strength.
to calculate the field strength.
 Electric field lines.
for the field strength
 Gravitational force and electric force.
 Electric potential
 Capacitance of a capacitor
 Energy stored in capacitor

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10. CURRENT ELECTRICITY
COURSE CONTENT

 Current
 Ohm’s Law
 Series and parallel Combination of resistors
 Resistance and resistivity
 Potential difference and e.m.f
 Power dissipation in resistors.
 Kirchhoff’s First Law as conservation of charge.
 Kirchhoff’s Second Law as conservation of energy.
 Potentiometer

11. ELECTROMAGNETISM
COURSE CONTENT

 Magnetic field
 Force on current carrying conductor in uniform magnetic field
 Force on a moving charge in magnetic field
 Motion of charge particle in uniform electric and magnetic field.
 e/m for an electron.

12. ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
COURSE CONTENT

 Magnetic flux
 Faraday’s Law and Lenz’s Law.
 Induced e.m.f and factors
 Alternating current and use V = Vo sint.
 Transformer and uses of
and practical transformer.
 Period, frequency, peak value and root mean square value of an alternating current or voltage.

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13. DEFORMATION OF SOLIDS
COURSE CONTENT

 Stress, strain and Young’s Modulus.
 Tensile stress and strain.
 Hook’s Law.
 Elastic and plastic deformation of a material.
 Strain energy.
 Band Theory, valence band, conduction band and forbidden band.

14. ELECTRONICS
COURSE CONTENT

 Half and Full wave rectification
 Single diode for half wave rectification of an alternating current
 Four diodes for full wave rectification of an alternating current
 Operational amplifier and its characteristics

15. MODERN PHYSICS
COURSE CONTENT

 Energy of photon E = hf
 Photoelectric Effect, Threshold Frequency and Work Function Energy.
 Maximum photoelectric energy is independent of intensity whereas photoelectric
current is proportional to intensity
 Einstein’s Photoelectric equation
 Discrete energy levels of hydrogen atom and spectral lines.
 Relation hf = (E2E1)

 Production of X-rays and features of X-rays tube.

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16. NUCLEAR PHYSICS
COURSE CONTENT

 Nucleus, nucleon number and charge number.
 Radioactivity and emission of radiation.
 Activity, Decay constant and relation Activity = N.
 Half-life of radioactive substance and relation
 Nuclear transmutation and conservation of mass, energy, momentum and charge
during nuclear changes.
 Mass-defect, binding energy and relation E = mc2
 Nuclear fission and fusion.
 Hadrons, Leptons and Quarks.

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ENGLISH:

Aim:

The aim of the English section of MDCAT is to measure the applicants’ skills in English language
and to evaluate how prepared they are for undertaking graduate studies in medicine in
English. The test applies a common standard to everyone to be able to evaluate the
preparation of the applicants from different sectors, regions and socio-economic backgrounds.
The benchmarks for the test have been developed in the light of the curriculum used in HSSC
and CIE. Since the students who take the MDCAT come from a wide range of educational
contexts, the test comprises items that may be applied to a broadband of language
competencies that are not exclusive to one particular type of curriculum.
Objectives
i. To ensure complete alignment between the English curriculum used in various
sectors at the HSSC and CIE level and the test items
ii. To create a balance of items from different benchmarks of the English curriculum
outlined for MDCAT
iii. To make sure that difficult and ambiguous items beyond the scope of high school
education are not included
iv. To design the test specifications
v. To design, select, and arrange test task items.

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Objective Benchmark Contents

1. Comprehend key
vocabulary

Use one or more of the following
strategies to determine the meaning of
key vocabulary:

1.1 contextual clues and
illustrations

1.2 background or prior
knowledge

1.3 morphology, syntax, phonics,
knowledge of word
relationships

1.4 knowledge of synonyms,
antonyms, homophones
High and low frequency
words from the course
book or to be selected from
similar contexts or the
contexts the HSSC and CIE
students may be familiar
with.

2. Demonstrate control of tenses and sentence structure:

2.1 Use correct tenses and
sentence structure in writing

2.2 Identify mistakes in the use of
tenses and sentence structure
in written texts

 All the present tenses
 All the past tenses
 Four types of
sentences
 Conditionals
 Types of clauses
 Fragments

3. Demonstrate correct use of subject-verb agreement:

3.1 use correct subject-verb
agreement in written texts
3.2 Identify mistakes in the use of
subject verb-agreement in
written texts
Use the texts
prescribed/used in HSSC or
CIE for selecting test items
as well as determining the
degree of their complexity

4. Demonstrate the correct use of  articles and prepositions:

4.1 Use appropriate articles and
prepositions in different
written contexts

4.2 Identify mistakes in the use of
articles and prepositions in
sentences or short texts

4.3 Select the appropriate article
or preposition for a particular
context

The test items to be
selected from the
contexts common to the
texts at HSSC and CIE
level.

5. Demonstrate correct use of writing conventions of spelling, capitalization, and punctuation to clarify meaning:

5.1 Use capitalization and
punctuation such as semi
colons, commas in a series,
apostrophes in possessives,
proper nouns, and
abbreviations

5.2 Avoid and identify the
following punctuation
The test items to be
selected from the type
of texts written by
HSSC and CIE students
and from the contexts
common to both the
streams.

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mistakes in sentences or short
written texts:

5.2.1. Run-on sentences
5.2.2. Comma splices
5.2.3. Fragments
5.2.4 Faulty coordination

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Vocabulary:

A
appalling
astounded
apparently
attached to
appraised
alas
abruptly
accentuated
anxieties

B
boon
bewilderment
briskly
bead
brimming
baffling
bashful
beckoned

C
coveted
credentials
capacious
collided with
crudely
confront
compelled
crudely
coaxed
comprehension
curious
casually
confining
crammed
confirm
cautioned
captivated
condescended
compelled
criteria

D

daintily
dispensing
dispute
distract
drummed
dilapidated
disconsolately
delicately
dank
dilapidated
disguise
definite

E

enchanted
encouraged
fringed
exude
eccentric
excursion
elaborate
exasperation
expansive
exaggeration
evaluates

F

fatality
flicked
flawlessly
friction
fluttered

G

gingerly
glistening
glared
groggy

H

heap
hideous
habitat
haggard
haphazardly
harmony
haughty
havoc
hearsay

I

intended
in vain
illumination
invariably
irritable
insinuated
intently
industry
intolerable
intolerable
imperceptibly

J

judgment
judicial

K

Kindred
Knack

L

likelihood
labyrinth

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junction
juvenile
jeopardy
jealousy
jubilant
knickers
knickknack
ludicrous
limp

M

menaced
mustered
mean
mass
mounting
minimum
mayhem
miniature
mumbled
meditated
moulded
menacing

N

nuisance
naïve
native
nauseous
negate
negligence
nemesis
neutral
niggle

O

opted for
on the wrong foot
occasionally
operation

P

plopped

presume
precautions
panting
purchase
persisted
pensively
prime
placidly
peered
propelling
passion
promptly
practically
prone to
paraphernalia
prerogative
path
precision
pizzazz
potential

Q

qualitative
qualm
quantitative
quarrel
quench
query
queue
quirk
quiver
quizzical
quotation

R

rituals
reinforce
reprimanded
riot
reluctantly
refuge
regret
rarely
reproachful
ragged
revolving
resonant

S

swarmed up
scenario
swathe
subsequently
struck up
string
sternly

T

tentatively
tackle
tumultuous
tomfoolery
tangle
troughs
tangled

U

urge
unburdened
unprovoked

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solemnly
succulent
shuffled
sailed
stunt
sauntered
splendour
sagged off
speckled with
stable

V

ventured
vulnerable

W

whipped
weighing up
writhing
waft

Y

Yearning
Yelp
yield

Z

zealous
zenith
zest